Indicative contents

•  Physiologic principles. Cellular structure and function. Various tissues. Body fluids. Homeostasis. Principles of mass transport and electrical signal generation for biological membranes. Sodium, Potassium distribution and total body osmolality.
• Bones, joints and loco motor systems. Classification of joints. Joint lubrication. Synovial fluid. Bone composition and structure. Blood and nerve supply to the bones. Cartilage. Physical properties of bones and cartilage. Muscle types and structure. Blood and nerve supply to the muscles. Mechanism of muscle contraction. Starling law of muscle contraction. Lymph nodes and blood channels.
• Digestive system. Gastro-intestinal tract. Salivary glands and composition of saliva. Gastric glands and composition of gastric juice. Pancreas. Composition of pancreatic juice. Functions of enzymes and control of secretion. Liver and Gall bladder. Bile composition. Enterohepatic circulation. Small and large intestines. Assimilation and utilization of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
• Circulatory system. Heart and heart valves. Electrical activity of the heart. Electrical and mechanical events in a cardiac cycle. Heart sounds. Blood pressure and its measurement. Pressure volume relationship. Cardiac regulation. Estimation of cardiac output. Pathophysiology. Myocardial infarction. E.C.G.
• Respiration mechanism. Pulmonary circulation. Diffusion capacity. Transport of gases. Regulation of respiration. Chemical control of breathing. Effects of exercise. Hypoxia. Hypercapnia and hypocapnia. Artificial respiration.
• Renal physiology. Kidney, nephron. Mechanism of formation of urine. Electrolytes and acid base balance. Blood pH. Kidney failure. Dialysis.
• Nervous system. Nerve cell. Anatomy of the nervous system. Central nervous system. Brain and its subdivisions. Peripheral nervous system. Voluntary and involuntary actions. Electricity within the body. Action potential. Control of voluntary movement. Reflex. E.E.G.
• Endocrine system. Hormone secretion and actions of hormones. Energy balance, metabolism and nutrition.
   

Recommended reading

• Books
  1. William F.Ganong. Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw Hill, 2005.
     
  2. Dee Silverthorn et al. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach with Interactive Physiology. Benjamin Cummings, 2003.
     
  3. Joel Michael & Allen A. Rovick. Problem solving in Physiology. Benjamin Cummings, 1998.
     
  4. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th edition. Elsevier/Churchill livingston, 2004.
     
  5. Keith L. Moore & Arthur F. Dalley. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Williams, 1999.
• Journals

1. Journal of Biomechanics.
2. American J. of Physiology.
3. Circulation Research.
4. Annual Review of Physiology.